Sloshing Wave Impact Force (SWIF) caused by liquid motion during seismic excitations is investigated in this paper. When the freeboard is insufficient, the liquid waves collide to the Tank roof on which uplift forces are produced. Due to the complication of sloshing impaction, there is no comprehensive investigation that can clarify the various aspect of this phenomenon. Therefore, most of standards don’t recommend any method to evaluate SWIF. Alternatively, the main approach of related codes and standards is to suggest a required freeboard in order to prevent collision of sloshing wave to the Tank roof instead of evaluating the SWIF. However, suggested freeboard is too high to meet economic considerations in some cases.Therefore, the impact forces should be reasonably evaluated based on the experimental measurements and analytical solutions. An experimental investigation has been implemented to clarify the influence of various geometrical parameters on the impact roof pressure and force values of a Rectangular Tank. A series of shaking table tests are conducted for a partially filled Rectangular Tank under harmonic and different earthquake excitations. The experimental measurements for SWIF are compared with those recommended by code provisions and the effects of various parameters on SWIF are discussed.

Surface aeration experiments were conducted in two types of Rectangular Tanks of aspect ratios i.e., length to width ratio (L/W) of 1.5 and 2 and developed simulation equations to correlate the oxygen transfer coefficient, k and power number, P0 with a parameter governing theoretical power per unit volume X. The parameter X is defined as equal to F4/3R1/3, where F and R are impellers’ Froude and Reynolds numbers respectively). Results have shown that the P0 can not be simulated singularly with either Reynolds number, R or Froude number, F, which results in scale effects; there appears to be a need to incorporate the effects of both F and R. It was found that P0 is uniquely related to X for Rectangular aeration Tanks of both aspect ratios, however, such relationships are different depending upon the aspect ratios. It has been demonstrated that energy can be saved substantially if the aeration Tanks are run at relatively higher input powers. It is also demonstrated that smaller sized Tanks are more energy conservative and economical when compared to big sized Tanks, while aerating the same volume of water, and at the same time by maintaining a constant input power in all the Tanks irrespective of their size.      

The most important danger that threatens a petrochemical refinery is an explosion, which is followed by a fire or vice versa. In fact, the occurrence of initial events such as explosions and fires spread from one part to another like the domino effect if the distance between the Storage Tanks is not sufficiently considered. Therefore, the distance and arrangement of petrochemical Storage Tank can play an important role in reducing the damage of initial accidents. So far, due to the explosion uncertainties, no definitive solution has been offered, but a combination of active and passive techniques such as the efficient use of intelligence and security organizations, increasing the scaled distance between the detonation point and the target buildings or providing physical barriers, the use of deformable materials to absorb energy, and the use of appropriate retrofit structural techniques can reduce the effects of explosions. As it turns out, it is virtually impossible to study the propagation of blast waves experimentally on a large scale due to financial constraints and potential hazards. Therefore, to solve this problem, two solutions are proposed: the use of small-scale laboratory methods and the use of numerical methods. Three-dimensional numerical analysis is an efficient method for investigating structural weaknesses, hazard risk analysis, and evaluating of explosion hazard points. In this study, with the help of explosion simulation by Eulerian-Lagrangian coupling method, the research has been surveyed in two parts. In the first part, petrochemical Tanks in different arrangements, and,at  different distances from each other are modeled in 3D on Autodyn software on the scale of  and the propagation of explosion waves and the confinement of 8g of TNT pressure in the environment between the Tanks are investigated. In the second part, the effect of barrier shape on reducing the blast pressure of 1000 kg of TNT on a real scale has been investigated. The results show that the use of semi-empirical relation in UFC-0-340-02 to determine the blast pressure is applicable only to open environments, and it is not precise in closed environments due to the confinement of the blast pressure.  Moreover, the results show that it is not conservative to use the required distance between Tanks considering the amounts proposed by the regulations. As a result, increasing the distance up to twice the amount proposed by the regulations, the effect of explosion pressure confinement is eliminated. The best way to position the Tanks in this study is a zigzag pattern with a distance equal to twice the safe distance between the Tanks in accordance with NFPA-30. In addition, the results show that by creating a barrier against the explosion, the explosion over-pressure can be greatly reduced, but the shape of the barrier does not have much effect. Although, using the Eulerian-Lagrangian coupling method requires considerable time and appropriate software to perform the calculations, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the blast wave interaction with structures. With the advancement of technology and the use of parallel processing in the cloud space, and the mapping technology it is possible to evaluate the different structures on a real scale against the explosion.

In this study, the damping effect of the horizontal baffles inside a liquid Storage Tank is investigated. For this purpose, a numerical model based on the finite volume method is established. The numerical model is used to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical model developed to estimate the hydrodynamic damping caused by wall bounded baffles. For this purpose, several full-scale baffled Tanks with different aspect ratios are numerically analyzed, and the validity of the analytical model is discussed with respect to the numerical results. Next, the reduction in sloshing wave height due to the presence of the baffles is considered for selected Tanks subjected to seismic excitations. Finally, a simple procedure to seismically evaluate the reduction of sloshing amplitude due to the presence of baffles is proposed and validated using the time history numerical results.

Many liquid Storage Tanks around the world have affected by earthquakes. This structure can store dangerous chemical liquids. Hence dynamic behavior of ground supported Rectangular Storage Tanks is very important due to their applications in industrial facilities. In current research, the seismic behavior of two water Storage Rectangular concrete Tanks is examined. For this purpose, these Tanks are modeled in FEM software for analyzing. These Tanks are analyzed under four type of analysis: static, modal, response-spectrum and time-history analysis. Time history analysis can take all the nonlinear factors into the analysis, so it is used to estimate the exact amount of structural response. In time history analysis, earthquake accelerograms of Tabas, Kobe and Cape Mendocino have been applied to Tanks. Finally, it is resulted that Displacement, base shear and wave height obtained from time history analysis are more than those of response spectrum analysis, indicating insufficiency of response spectrum analysis. In time history analysis, the maximum displacement is achieved in highest part of the Tanks. It is due to the wave height which created in earthquake. By increasing in dimension, the wave height is also increased.

Free surface sloshing of liquid in a Rectangular Tank induced by lateral excitation has been studied numerically and experimentally in this paper.The numerical simulation is carried out based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method that provides free surface extraction in such problem.A Tank with transparent walls is used to free surface tracking in experimental study while the movement amplitude and frequency of periodic motion is controlled by a reciprocating designed mechanical system. This mechanical device provides a pure lateral periodic motion for liquid Tank exciting. Free surface of sloshing liquid in Rectangular Tankobtained by image processing. Also a test with a vertical plate in the middle of the Tank is carried out to study of the solid baffle effects on sloshing mode shapes and especially on maximum and minimum ofliquidfree surface displacement.Comparison of numerical results and similar experimental tests shows good agreement for low amplitude and low frequency of Tank excitations in maximum and minimumof free surface displacement. The average of relative errors estimated less than 10% while they increase by increasing amplitude and frequency excitations due to nonlinear behavior of liquid free surface.

Introduction: In process industries, some of the primary events may result in secondary events in an industrial unit called the domino effect. Since refinery Storage Tanks are always at risk of fire and explosion, quantitative risk assessment is important in determining the severity and outcome of an accident, taking into account the effects of dominoes on the main industry, neighbors, and society and can play an important role in risk management. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the risk of condensate Storage Tanks taking into account the domino effect. Material and Methods: The technique used in this study was Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA), the analysis of the consequences of which was performed using PHAST (7. 22) after setting goals, studying the process, identifying hazards and scenarios. Then, to determine the extent of the domino effects of the escalation vectors were matched against the threshold, and after screening, the overall vulnerability of the repositories for mapping individual risk levels was calculated. Results: In the leakage scenario, after considering the domino effects, the risk contour 10-4 to about 250 meters and the risk contour 10-5 to about 400 meters increased. Also in the catastrophic rupture scenario, the radius of risk contour of the 10-5 increased to100 m after considering the domino effects up to around damage Tank. Conclusion: As can be deduced from the results, using this method can give a clear picture of the consequences of chain events and the probability of damage to nearby employees, equipment and neighbors, which is very important in risk, emergency and crisis management.

In primary sedimentation Tanks, short-circuiting enlargement of dead zones and high flow mixing problems are caused by circulation regions (dead zones), which can reduce the optimal sedimentation of particles. For proper design of such Tanks, the formation of recirculation zones should be avoided. The provision of a baffle as a geometrical medication of a Tank may influence the flow field for better sedimentation. Thus, in this study, velocity measurements were performed by a three-dimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) to investigate baffle effects on the velocity distribution in a primary Rectangular sedimentation Tank, quantitatively. Effects of baffle positioning were also determined. Mean flow analysis shows how a baffle can alter the hydrodynamics of the flow field. It was quantitatively found that the intermediate baffle not only influences the flow field in its downstream, but also affects the flow pattern in its upstream. It was found that the baffle setting and its position relative to the inlet and outlet influences the flow field and the development of flow. Baffled flow may provide better conditions for sedimentation by influencing velocity profiles. However, further detailed experimental study is necessary to fully capture the baffle effect and obtain further insight into the complex flow field in a sedimentation Tank.